What is LoRaWAN?
LoRaWAN stands for Long Range Wide Area Network. It is a Media Access Control (MAC) layer protocol. LoRaWAN enables communication between battery-powered sensors and public networks. With a range of up to 15 kilometers and battery life of up to 10 years, it is ideal for IoT applications.
LoRaWAN was developed in 2009 by the founders of the Grenoble-based company Cycléo. Cycléo was acquired by Semtech in 2012. Semtech then founded the LoRa Alliance in 2015.
LoRaWAN supports different types of messages, known as LoRa Message Types. These include uplink messages, which are sent from the end devices (sensors) to the server, and downlink messages, which are sent from the server to the end devices. The amount of data and the transmission interval have a significant impact on battery life.
LoRa vs. LoRaWAN
LoRa and LoRaWAN are closely linked, but fulfill different tasks.
LoRa stands for “Long Range” and is a radio technology developed by Semtech. LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network), on the other hand, is a network standard and communication protocol that regulates the entire network structure and the communication between the individual components.
LoRa is the physical transmission technology that offers long range with low energy consumption. It uses the Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) modulation scheme to transmit data efficiently across different frequency bands.
LoRa technology offers a considerable range that can be further optimized through various adjustments. Choosing the right LoRa frequency is crucial. By adjusting the LoRaWAN frequency and the LoRa Spreading Factor Range, the LoRa range can be increased, which is particularly important for large-scale IoT applications.
Various technological adjustments can also be made to increase the LoRa range. These include fine-tuning the LoRaWAN frequency and using suitable antennas. These measures can improve the signal strength and reduce interference. Frequency ranges and the right frequency band play a central role here.
LoRaWAN is based on LoRa and manages the network architecture and communication protocols. It ensures that the data from the sensors is routed efficiently and securely through the Wide Area Network (WAN).
The LoRaWAN Network Architecture
A LoRaWAN network consists of four main components: Nodes (sensors), gateways, an application server and a central network server.
End devices such as sensors and actuators collect data from the environment. Temperature, humidity and air quality can be monitored, for example. LoRa nodes collect and process data from these end devices. It acts as a wireless transmitter that uses LoRa radio signals to transmit processed data to a LoRa gateway.
The gateways act as a bridge and forward the data to the central network server. These gateways are usually installed at fixed locations. The network server manages the network communication and ensures that the data packets are forwarded correctly to the application server, where the actual processing takes place.
The authentication and authorization of LoRa nodes is managed by the network server. It ensures that only authorized end device data is received. The network server also manages the session keys. These are used for the encryption and decryption of data packets.
The Application Server acts as an interface between the application software and the LoRaWAN network. This is where data processing, application logic, data storage and data integration into other systems such as CRM, SCM and ERP take place.
Common protocols such as REST and MQTT are used for communication between the servers. These enable easy integration of LoRaWAN data into IoT platforms.
LoRaWAN Security Standards
LoRaWAN places great emphasis on security and uses two levels of encryption: Network and application level.
Network Security
The AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) method is used at network level. Special security keys are used here to protect the data during transmission. Every message sent between the end devices and the network server is encrypted, which prevents unauthorized access.
Application Security
In addition to network security, LoRaWAN also offers end-to-end encryption at the application level. This means that the data remains encrypted from the end device to the application server. This encryption layer further protects the data even if the network were compromised.
Identifiers and Keys
LoRaWAN uses the IEEE-EUI64 identifier to uniquely identify end devices in the network. Security keys are required to ensure that only authorized devices have access to the network and the transmitted data. These keys are securely managed and regularly updated to ensure maximum security.
Device Classes
There are three classes of LoRaWAN end devices: Class A, B and C. Class A is ideal for maximum energy efficiency, class B for planned reception times and class C for maximum availability. These classes allow LoRaWAN to be optimally adapted to the specific requirements of the application.
Class A
Bidirectional Class A devices send data (uplink) and then open two short receive windows for downlink messages. These devices are particularly energy efficient and are suitable for applications with long intervals between uplinks. Class A terminals are ideal for environmental monitoring, animal tracking, forest fire detection, water leakage detection, smart parking, asset tracking and waste management. Due to their very low energy consumption, they have a long battery life but high downlink latency.
Class B
Class B devices extend the functions of Class A with scheduled receiving time slots. These end devices synchronize with the network by opening additional receive windows at set times. These scheduled time slots allow the network server to better predict when a device is ready to receive. This is useful for applications that require more regular and predictable communication.
Class B end devices are useful for applications such as utility meters (electricity meters, water meters, etc.) and street lighting. They have a shorter battery life than Class A end devices, but offer more regular communication windows.
Class C
Class C devices offer the highest availability for bidirectional communication. They have almost continuously open receive windows, except during transmission. These end devices are suitable for applications that require a continuous connection and immediate data transmission. The higher energy consumption is compensated for by the increased readiness to receive, in addition to fast response times. Class C end devices are ideal for utility meters, street lighting, beacons, and alarm systems.
LoRaWAN Products
Facts & Figures
The global market for LoRa and LoRaWAN IoT is growing rapidly. According to a report by the market research platform “Market and Markets”, growth of 32.4 percent is expected between 2024 and 2029. This impressive growth reflects the increasing interest and acceptance of these technologies. LoRaWAN is becoming increasingly important in industry and smart cities in particular. The Chinese government is relying heavily on LoRaWAN infrastructures. Over 600,000 LoRaWAN base stations are to be installed by 2025.
According to a report by the global consulting firm “Research Nester”, public LoRaWAN networks recorded a growth of 66 percent between 2019 and 2021. This growth shows how quickly LoRaWAN networks are spreading worldwide. Public network operators are increasingly investing in this technology to ensure reliable and wide-ranging coverage.
The hardware sector for LoRaWAN will account for the largest share of the market by 2036, at 48 percent. At the same time, the smart cities segment will account for the largest share of 55 percent by 2036. These figures make it clear that both the technological basis and the application areas of LoRaWAN will expand rapidly.
Application Areas and Solutions with LoRaWAN
LPWAN LoRa networks benefit from an improved range in various applications.
Smart Utilities
LoRaWAN enables the remote monitoring of gas meters and leaks, provides real-time data for network optimization and fault detection in the power supply, offers precise data on water consumption and quality and enables efficient control and energy savings in heating.
Smart City
LoRaWAN plays a central role in smart cities. It monitors air and water quality, optimizes the use of parking spaces, ensures security in smart homes through networked sensors, controls street lighting more efficiently and improves waste management through real-time data.
Industry
LoRaWAN offers a wide range of solutions in industry. Oil and gas benefit from predictive maintenance and condition monitoring. Work safety and production efficiency are improved by real-time data. In chemical processing, LoRaWAN ensures safe management. Power generation and transmission are optimized through continuous monitoring.
Smart Buildings
LoRaWAN also optimizes smart buildings. Building security is increased by networked alarm systems. Predictive maintenance prevents breakdowns and reduces maintenance costs. Pest monitoring and space optimization improve building use. Heating and air conditioning are controlled efficiently.
Logistics
In logistics, LoRaWAN offers solutions such as asset tracking and fleet management. Intralogistics is optimized through real-time monitoring. Real-time monitoring of goods ensures a secure and efficient supply chain.
Agriculture
In agriculture, LoRaWAN enables livestock to be monitored and irrigation to be controlled. Environmental and soil monitoring provide valuable data for optimizing cultivation. Asset management ensures efficient use of equipment and resources.
Example 1: LoRaWAN in Use at Istanbul Grand Airport
The Istanbul Grand Airport has installed an IoT and LoRaWAN-based infrastructure covering an area of 76 million square meters. In 2020, 6,000 LoRaWAN modules, 5,500 WiFi access points and over 107 IoT gateways were deployed. LoRaWAN technology enables applications such as infrastructure monitoring, asset and personnel tracking, energy and water consumption monitoring, as well as health and safety monitoring.
Example 1: LoRaWAN in Use at Istanbul Grand Airport
The Istanbul Grand Airport has installed an IoT and LoRaWAN-based infrastructure covering an area of 76 million square meters. In 2020, 6,000 LoRaWAN modules, 5,500 WiFi access points and over 107 IoT gateways were deployed. LoRaWAN technology enables applications such as infrastructure monitoring, asset and personnel tracking, energy and water consumption monitoring, as well as health and safety monitoring.
“Increasing amounts of data are needed to make smarter decisions. An IoT infrastructure is needed to collect data. These decisions have a direct impact on operational efficiency, the traveler experience and the generation of new revenue at our airport.”
Bilal Yildiz
Electronic Systems Manager, İstanbul Airport
Example 2: LoRaWAN for Waste Management in Lisbon
Research teams from FIT and ISEL have carried out tests for a LoRaWAN-based system in Lisbon. The old 2G system for waste management and container fill level monitoring was replaced by LoRaWAN sensors for above-ground and underground containers. LoRaWAN technology and LoRa gateways were chosen due to the low energy consumption. Implementation began in 2021.
Example 2: LoRaWAN for Waste Management in Lisbon
Research teams from FIT and ISEL have carried out tests for a LoRaWAN-based system in Lisbon. The old 2G system for waste management and container fill level monitoring was replaced by LoRaWAN sensors for above-ground and underground containers. LoRaWAN technology and LoRa gateways were chosen due to the low energy consumption. Implementation began in 2021.
Example 3: LoRaWAN at the Bouygues Construction Group
The Bouygues Construction Group uses a LoRaWAN-based geolocation solution to track construction machinery, materials, load carriers, and personnel. Already 20,000 devices are equipped with LoRaWAN trackers. This enables real-time and remote management of all assets and employees. The trackers use GPS, low-power GPS, Wi-Fi sniffer, BLE and LoRaWAN TDoA geolocation.
Example 3: LoRaWAN at the Bouygues Construction Group
The Bouygues Construction Group uses a LoRaWAN-based geolocation solution to track construction machinery, materials, load carriers, and personnel. Already 20,000 devices are equipped with LoRaWAN trackers. This enables real-time and remote management of all assets and employees. The trackers use GPS, low-power GPS, Wi-Fi sniffer, BLE and LoRaWAN TDoA geolocation.
“The multi-technology trackers are based on ultra- low power consumption and are extremely versatile. The tracker is equipped with embedded sensors – GPS, low-power GPS, Wi-Fi sniffer, BLE and LoRaWAN TDoA geolocation technology. The device offers multiple modes of operation and enables seamless object tracking, activity rate monitoring and proximity detection. Geo-zone detection allows the device to be divided into specific zones. Position reports can be received during the start and end events of a movement. The compact and rugged form factor can withstand the harsh environmental conditions of a construction site.”
Stephane Sisse
Sales Director, Actility
More Articles on LoRaWAN
The Advantages of LoRaWAN
LoRaWAN offers numerous advantages such as long range, energy efficiency, high capacity, flexible network options, and robust security.
High Range and Coverage
LoRaWAN offers a long range, ideal for covering non-cellular areas. This makes it a suitable solution for rural and remote areas where conventional mobile networks are not available.
Energy Efficiency
LoRaWAN is extremely energy efficient. Devices can run for years on a single battery. The low energy consumption makes it suitable for applications that require a long service life of the devices, such as environmental monitoring and smart cities.
High Capacity
LoRaWAN networks can support a high number of devices. This means that many sensors and end devices can be operated on a single network, which is particularly useful for large-scale IoT implementations.
Flexible Network Options
LoRaWAN offers flexible network options. It can be used in both public and private networks, allowing it to be adapted to different business models and requirements.
Robust Security and Secure Data Transmission
LoRaWAN places great emphasis on robust security. It offers secure data transmission through encryption and authentication, which ensures the protection of sensitive information. Firmware updates can be carried out “over the air”, making it easier to maintain and update the devices.
A Comparison of LoRaWAN with Other Wireless Technologies
LoRaWAN offers advantages in terms of range and energy efficiency compared to other wireless technologies such as SigFox, NB-IoT, LTE-M, mioty, Bluetooth and WLAN. It is particularly suitable for large-scale and energy-efficient IoT applications.
LoRaWAN vs. SigFox
LoRaWAN and SigFox are both LPWAN technologies. LoRaWAN supports flexible network options and can operate many devices in one network. Sigfox uses a proprietary technology and requires special gateways.
LoRaWAN vs. NB-IoT and LTE-M
NB-IoT and LTE-M are cellular-based LPWAN technologies. They offer higher data rates and are suitable for applications with larger data volumes. LoRaWAN has lower energy consumption and greater range, which makes it suitable for applications with long battery life and in remote areas.
LoRaWAN vs. mioty
mioty is a newer LPWAN technology based on telegram splitting that offers high interference immunity and scalability. LoRaWAN is widely used and has large community support, which facilitates development and implementation.
LoRaWAN vs. Bluetooth
Bluetooth is ideal for short distances and high data rates. However, it is not suitable for large-scale IoT networks. LoRaWAN offers greater range and lower energy consumption, making it suitable for long-term applications.
LoRaWAN vs. WLAN
WLAN consumes about three times as much energy as a typical LoRaWAN module. WLAN is suitable for energy-intensive applications, while LoRaWAN is more suitable for low-power, long-range applications.
Partners Spezialized in LoRaWAN Solutions
Outlook: The Further Development of LoRaWAN
The LoRa Alliance has drawn up a strategic plan for the further development of LoRaWAN. The aim is to optimize the technology and open up new areas of application. The focus is on improving the infrastructure and introducing new functions.
LoRaWAN will be optimized through improved connectivity for Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN), for example through Long Range-Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (LR-FHSS). This technology increases network capacity and enables use in demanding environments through improved relays that increase signal range.
LoRaWAN is designed for hyperscalability to facilitate the deployment and management of device profiles. The integration of GS1-compatible identifiers such as RFID and barcodes enables efficient product and asset identification. New devices can be automatically integrated via LoRaWAN networks, with the device profile being retrieved from an online repository using a standard API.
The management of core networks is improved by standardized application servers and gateway interfaces. This increases device compatibility and facilitates the integration of various components into the network.
LoRaWAN certification strengthens customer confidence through over-the-air firmware updates and advanced compatibility testing. These tests ensure that devices from different manufacturers can work together effectively. The certification verifies the performance and compatibility of the end devices, which increases end user confidence in the technology.
The physical and link layer of LoRaWAN will be further developed through the introduction of cryptoagility. This enables the use and enhancement of current and future crypto protocols that complement the security and performance of the LoRaWAN link layer.